Movements fighting for gay marriages Essay

The gay marriage banter has been diligent everywhere throughout the world. It is a disruptive policy centered issue that draws out a great deal of contention. In USA for example, developments battling for gay relationships and their privileges began as right on time as 1970’s. In the 1990’s it was an extraordinary policy driven issue. The US government has not authorized gay relationships albeit a few states like Massachusetts permit common associations. Gay couples in US don't share same rights as straight couples since their relationships are not viewed as genuine. Without marriage laws to ensure their privileges and advantages such couples face turmoil’s in their connections. For example programmed legacy with death of an accomplice and settling on significant choice for example getting paperwork done for crisis clinical tasks isn't permitted. USA ought to follow Denmark, Netherlands and Canada and sanction gay relationships as a stage forward to decreasing contempt violations in the public arena and subsequently advancing social request. Once more, since the vast majority who contradict it wants it do as such based on strict qualities the mainstream esteems and wants of the individuals are not thought of. It should adhere to a meaningful boundary between the state and the congregation with the goal that it obliges all individuals in the general public. Legitimizing gay relationships will see the decrease of HIV-AIDS transmission, as gay couples will build their awareness of other's expectations for one another. Gay couples ought not be denied huge rights like access to accomplices protection or clinical dynamic, laborers and remuneration benefits. Advantages under annuity and retirement designs all which are significant (http://marriageequity. com/realities/list. htm) By not sanctioning gay marriage the law segregates based on sex since one’s capacity to marriage relies upon one’s sex. Cuba has as of late began to include and regard gay couples by rethinking union with oblige all individuals in the public eye, as communism ought to be comprehensive. (http://asp. usatoday. com/network/utils/idmap/13917955. story) Discrimination against gay couples will be nullified and their associations or relationships will be authorized It is amusing that US the world’s driving nations in vote based system limits gay relationships while it ought to backer and battling for correspondence all things considered. Gay relationships ought to be authorized and couples ought to be qualified for government managed savings advantages and assurance under bureaucratic annuity laws. This would decrease occasions where on death of an accomplice one can't get to the partner’s benefits. In the event that the family had kids such advantages would be vital in keeping up the children’s government assistance. Without legitimate insurance gay couples face financial difficulties that would have been annihilated had their marriage been legitimized. South Africa and Belgium have additionally grasped it and relationships between same sex couples get favors. Today, most kids are conceived with only one parent present to single guardians; relationships end separate and the family as a unit that gives the suitable environment to kids to develop is loosing the hold. Youngsters are as yet being raised effectively outside the imagined ideal condition of the ‘family’. Gay relationships ought to be legitimized so as permit accomplices settle on significant choices like clinical based choices. It will permit one settle on significant choice that would spare the accomplices life. Contentions on the side of gay relationships The government’s reason for existing is to guarantee that people’s rights are regarded and that equity is kept up. It is in this way reasonable that gay relationships be sanctioned. In the event that gay relationships are perceived gay couples would exploit programmed legacy if there should arise an occurrence of death of one accomplice. Without such gay couples acquire nothing of what they have buckled down for with their accomplice. Both straight and gay couples ought to have equivalent rights. (http://angelfire. com/home/leah/file. html) It is contended that gay connections are not organically normal as they can't deliver offspring of their own normally. Socially marriage is the organization that structures and maintains cultural and social qualities and standards. Relationships guarantee the progression of society through multiplication. It is in this manner contended that society would endure if gay relationships were to be legitimized, as the continuam would be intruded. Gay relationships ought to be sanctioned and endeavors by the congregation t utilize strict qualities and forcing them on all individuals in the public eye are inappropriate. There ought to be an unmistakable qualification between the congregation and the state with the goal that the state works autonomously to oblige every one of its residents including the common disapproved. (Snyder, 2006) Legalizing gay relationships will help make request and solidness in the public arena. When sanctioned the ‘main society’ will change their inflexible recognition that gay marriage is unlawful and they will fit well with them. This will diminish gay-based despise wrongdoings. The entire society will have social solidarity and victimization gay individuals will decrease. Associations to direct gay couple on the most proficient method to bring up their kids must be viable if gay relationships were authorized. This would counter the contention that gay couples are bad in raise youngsters. The associations can help make great parenthood through preparing. Contentions against gay relationships It is contended that sanctioning gay relationships will be a stage towards inviting enemy of social conduct. Similarly as gay couple look for consideration and insurance of their privileges so would other silly gatherings. Moral decadency is probably going to happen in the public eye. It would clear path for polygamy, inbreeding and beastiality legitimization which are all not useful for society. Customarily marriage is between a man and a lady and not same sex parties. Gay relationships are in this way against the customary view of marriage and ought to be debilitated. Normally marriage ought to be between two individuals of various genders. Fascination between two individuals of same sex is viewed as unnatural gay relationships should in this way stop. Marriage ought to be an organization between a man and a lady. What's more, those gay relationships are shameless. God made a lady for the man and not a man for a man or lady for another. Gay couples decide to be gay and ought not look for consideration for the decisions they have made throughout everyday life. (Hohengarten, 1994) Parents act like good examples to their youngsters. Gay guardians are probably going to raise gay kids and this won't be useful for society. Supporters of this perspective contend that kids need hetero guardians to create. This would be deficient in the gay families and subsequently helpless kid advancement. The above reasons face a lot of analysis. For example connecting multiplication firmly with marriage subverts different reasons for marriage. Multiplication isn't the main motivation behind why individuals wed. The individuals who bolster gay relationships consider this perspective awkward on the premise that there are sterile or fruitless couples or ladies at their post menopausal age who wed. The inquiry presented is whether such relationships should be viewed as invalid since they won’t bear youngsters. Again marriage could be for sexual fulfillment friendship and good articulation. (Strasser, 2002) Another issue with the contention that gay marriage is unethical is that who characterizes marriage and what is good or shameless requires another discussion through and through. Individuals have distinctive discernment about what is good or shameless. Utilizing strict qualities to help annihilation of gay relationships by citing the holy book is wrong particularly to a nation that suits differing religions. This is an inadequate methodology as opportunity of religion will be undermined. Why introduce your strict perspectives to life on individuals who are for a common way to deal with life? (http://agnosticism. about. com/6/9/007160. html) The contention that youngsters need hetero guardians to develop and create is very shallow. There are situations where their advancement is endangered in spite of them having hetero guardians. Youngsters need great supporting, delicate consideration and love from their parent’s to create. Again gay guardians are bound to raise straight kids to save them the torment of segregation they have through. (Ross, 2002) Some gay individuals are not gay by decision but rather by birth. Contention that gay couples are normally pulled in to same sex accomplices exceeds the contention that gay relationships are unnatural. Nature should follow all the way through and they ought to be permitted to wed those they are pulled in to paying little heed to their sex. (Pierson et al, 2005) Arguments raised against legitimizing gay relationships based on their shakiness are inappropriate since the straight relationships have end up being 7% progressively instable contrasted with gay relationships. In the USA just two states authorize gay relationships that are Massachusetts and Lowa however they call them common associations. The national government under the protection of Marriage Act of 1996 leaves the states to settle on which way to deal with handle its issues. Gay couples need their union with be legitimized. This will kill the segregation they face, as society isn't happy with them and view them as ‘outcast’ with legitimization gay couples can pick up acknowledgment. (Mello, 2004) The congregation is utilized by government officials for their own advantages. Legislators are cautious in talking about basic issues like whether to legitimize or not authorize gay relationships. They are careful not to annoy the individuals who will decide their stay in government through democratic. End. Gay couples reserve their options to be glad. Joy in marriage would be with the individual one is pulled in to and ready to get physically involved with. Denying gay couples that satisfaction and attempting to force the individual they ought to wed regarding sex would deny them their privileges. The administration ought to guarantee that the privileges of all residents are safeguarded. On the off chance that gay relationships were legitimized the HIV-AIDS predominance would decay. This is on the grounds that gay couples would build their commitme

Othello As Iago Essays - Othello, Iago, Michael Cassio, Emilia

Othello As Iago As lowlife in Shakespeare's play Othello, Iago has two fundamental activities. They are to plot and to misdirect. Iago despises Othello for two reasons. He accepts that Othello had intercourse to his better half, and Iago is distraught that Cassio was picked to be Lieutenant rather than himself. From this despise comes the fundamental clash of the play. Iago intends to destroy Othello via doing an arrangement dependent on lies and misleading. This arrangement will make Iago the main individual that Othello accepts he can trust, and Iago will utilize this trust to control Othello. To start with, Iago plans to expel Cassio from his situation as lieutenant with the goal that he himself dominate Cassio's situation as comrade and Lieutenant to Othello. At that point Iago would like to persuade Othello that Cassio and Desdemona are having an unsanctioned romance. On the off chance that Iago's plan unfurls appropriately, he will be allowed the vengeance that he accepts he merits. Iago's arrangement and his thought processes are revealed through an arrangement three of discussions. He talks with Roderigo twice and Cassio once. These three discussions show how Iago controls others to pick up his own closures, and they additionally give thought processes in Iago's conduct. The discussions all follow the equivalent design. Iago initially talks with Roderigo and Cassio to advance his arrangement, and at that point Iago has a monologue where he examines his intentions. Iago expresses that the purposes behind his abhor are that Othello laid down with Emilia and Cassio was picked to be Othello's Lieutenant. In any case, Iago's activities lead to closes that try not to vindicate his given thought processes. Coleridge calls Iago's activities the thought process chasing of a motiveless danger . As such, Iago's as it were explanation behind decimating Othello is that Iago is an intrinsically terrible individual. The discussions that Iago has with Roderigo and Cassio show that Iago develops explanations behind his activities against Othello, with the goal that his own narrow minded finishes can be met. Iago's first exchange with Roderigo fills in as a prologue to Iago's plan. In this scene the peruser discovers that Roderigo is enamored with Desdemona, since he takes steps to suffocate himself when he discovers that Othello and Desdemona are locked in. Utilizations Roderigo's shortcoming to assist him with expelling Cassio from his lieutenant position. Iago advises Roderigo to put cash in thy satchel (333) . Iago accepts that Othello and Desdemona won't be together for a very long time since Othello is a Moor and Desdemona is a blue-blood. Iago inclinations Roderigo to procure cash now with the goal that he can be a qualified admirer when Desdemona is searching for another spouse. This discussion and the discourse tailing it present the two unique sides of Iago. Iago discloses to Roderigo what he needs to hear so as to enroll his assistance. In any case, in the accompanying monologue the peruser is acquainted with what Iago truly has arranged. He expresses that he could never partner with somebody like Roderigo but to pick up his own closures. In this manner do I ever make my simpleton my satchel -/For I mine own picked up information should dishonor/ On the off chance that I would time extend with such a kill/But for my game and benefit (365-368). Iago feels that Roderigo is a stupid man who exists just for Iago's utilization or game. This thought a fortified by the word kill. The Arden Shakespeare characterizes kill as fool (p. 159) and states that the word signified gull or hoodwink (p. 159) preceding Shakespeare. These definitions underline the way that Iago feels no regard for Roderigo and is controlling Roderigo just to advance his arrangement. In the equivalent discourse, Iago's genuine arrangement is uncovered uniquely to the crowd. Iago needs to persuade Othello that Cassio and Desdemona are infatuated. They are the two individuals that Othello trusts, and if Othello accepts that they have turned on him, this will prompt his defeat. Iago intends to reveal to Othello that Cassio and Desdemona are having an unsanctioned romance. Cassio is a women man, and Iago accepts that Cassio's fascinate makes ladies go gaga for him. Iago will make the guiltless teases of Cassio and Desdemona appear mystery love to Othello. After some time to manhandle Othello's ears/That he is excessively acquainted with his better half/He hath a individual and a smooth arrange/To be suspected, surrounded to make ladies bogus (378-380). Iago planted a seed of expectation in Roderigo, and whenever they talk Iago utilizes this plan to turn Roderigo against Cassio. In this scene Iago tells Roderigo that Desdemona is straightforwardly infatuated with [Cassio] (215). From that point past conversation, Roderigo accepts that

Censorship on Huckleberry Finn, Argument and Counterargument Essay Example for Free

Control on Huckleberry Finn, Argument and Counterargument Essay Over and over craftsmanship has been reprimanded for being excessively indecent and expressive, Mark Twain was one of these people who took an interest in workmanship, he was brought up in the age where servitude was normal and racial slurs were every now and again utilized. So to reprimanded and control his work for composing what he grew up knowing would resemble rebuffing Huck Finn for taking things from others when he was told it was getting for his entire life by his dad â€Å"Pap consistently said it warn’t no damage to acquire things on the off chance that you was importance to take care of them some time; however the widow said it warn’t anything besides a delicate name for taking, and no better than average body would do it† (Chp. 12 Pg, 49). I emphatically can't help contradicting the way that individuals need to ‘update and improve’ the exemplary â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† in light of the fact that it utilizes a term that is discovered hostile much of the time in todays age. My concern with this gang needs to change the wording of the book is that, their greatest worry to why they need to change the word â€Å"nigger† to â€Å"slave† is that they’re accomplishing for the kids, attempting to make it progressively agreeable for them to peruse and shielding the adolescent from disliked terms. On the off chance that this is their anxiety, at that point for what reason would they say they are singling out books and works of art from decades back, why not center around the books being distributed now with the terms â€Å"whore† â€Å"slut† or â€Å"trailer trash† in it? To me those are similarly hostile terms. John Foley once said that he thi nks â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† Harper Lee’s great about racial disparity in the Deep South, and John Steinbeck’s â€Å"Of Mice and Men†(Source An) ought to be expelled from the educational plan for comparable reasons† all since they show the peruser the time hole between the setting of the composition and the present of today despite the fact that in the start of all books they mention to you what time period the story is held in â€Å"SCENE: The Mississippi Valley; TIME: Forty to Fifty Years Ago† (Page 0). Presently I can perceive any reason why some may need these books (Huck Finn, Of Mice and Men, and To Kill a Mockingbird) expelled from educational program, yes I do accept that Twain utilized the term â€Å"nigger† a couple of times to many, â€Å"the N-word seems multiple times in Huck Finn† (Source C). Youngsters or even youthful grown-ups ought not be presented to the profane terms and racial slurs that were utilized be fore. Isn’t the general purpose of development is to change after some time? What great originates from presenting our childhood to the past that we as a whole realize America isn't enamored with? Don’t we need our childhood to realize that these terms are not adequate in today’s society or what's to come? At the point when these books make it sound like it was only a little benevolent epithet. This is the reason I have a feeling that understudies and guardians ought to be given the decision regarding whether they need them to peruse books, for example, these. We do it for motion pictures toward the start of each school year, why not do it with books too?

Voltaire and the Enlightenment Essay -- Essays Papers

Voltaire and the Enlightenment During the eighteenth century a gathering of French authors and pundits known as the Philosophes supported change and change. They trusted in the intensity of the human psyche, which was a thought that was motivated by the Scientific Revolution. The philosophes had confidence in the intensity of sane analysis to challenge the custom of the past. They additionally looked to apply the guidelines of reason and presence of mind to almost all significant organizations and social practices. The philosophes proposed another sort of composed religion, a social religion which supported agreement and resistance while reinforcing the obligations of good commitments inside society. One of the significant French philosophes during the eighteenth century was Voltaire. He was significantly propelled by crafted by Isaac Newton during the Scientific Revolution, who accepted there was a cozy connection between his logical hypothesis and religion. Like Newton, Voltaire additionally hypothesized about t he presence of God. One pundit named Victor Hugo composed, 'To name Voltaire is to portray the whole Eighteenth Century. Italy had a Renaissance and Germany had Reformation, however France had Voltaire.'1 Voltaire unequivocally accepted that people utilized their motivation to settle on choices and he additionally proposed a social religion and hypothesized about the presence of God which made individuals question their confidence and reason. Voltaire, in the same way as other different Philosophes, put stock in man given that he was instructed and utilized his explanation. Be that as it may, numerous individuals in Voltaire's time were unskilled, odd, irrational, and depended upon the direction of the ruler. Voltaire had faith in illuminated tyranny, which was the point at which the individuals complied with the laws and ensured they were genuinely authorized by all cla... ... the congregation and made numerous individuals question their confidence and reason. Voltaire was one of the numerous philosophes who tested individuals' confidence and who was a piece of the headways in reason during the Enlightenment. - Frederick Artz, The Enlightenment in France (Oberlin: The Kent State University - Press, 1968), p. 66. - See Frederick Artz, p. 76. - See Frederick Artz, p. 79. - See Frederick Artz, p. 80. - Ronald Boss, The Development of Social Religion: A Contradiction of French - Free Thought, Journal of the History of Ideas v. 34, no.4 (1973): p. 582. - See Ronald Boss, p. 583. - See Ronald Boss, p. 584. - See Ronald Boss, p. 585. - Rosemary Lauer, The Mind of Voltaire: A Study of his Useful Deism (Westminster: Newman Press, 1961), p.90. - See Rosemary Lauer, p. 91. - See Rosemary Lauer, p. 92. - See Rosemary Lauer, p. 93.

Statistics on SAT Math Strategies for Mean, Median, Mode

Insights on SAT Math Strategies for Mean, Median, Mode SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips SAT insights questions as a rule include finding the mean, middle, and additionally mode(s) of a lot of numbers. You have most likely managed with these ideas in your secondary school math classes at the same time, as usual, the SAT likes to put their own extraordinary turn on basic ideas, for example, these. Regardless of whether you know about these terms and the methods expected to locate a mean, middle, or mode, this guide is for you. SAT addresses are constantly dubious and realizing how to deal with their adaptation of these sorts of inquiries will work well for you as you experience your test. This will be your finished manual for SAT means, medians, and modes-what they mean, how you'll see them on the test, and how to unravel even the most entangled of SAT measurements questions. What Are Means, Medians, and Modes? Before we see how to take care of these sorts of issues, let us characterize our terms: A mean is the measurable normal of a gathering of numbers, found by including the total of the numbers and afterward separating by the measure of numbers in the gathering. What is the normal grade for the class if five understudies gotten scores of: 92, 81, 45, 95, and 68? We should discover the whole of the considerable number of numbers and afterward separate that number by the aggregate sum, which for this situation is 5. ${(92+81+45+95+68)}/5$ $={381}/5$ $=76.2$ The mean (normal) test score is 72.6. The middle in a set is the number straightforwardly in the center of the arrangement of numbers after they have been organized all together. (Note: the number will be most of the way into the set, yet isn't really the mid-esteem.) For example, in a lot of numbers {2, 4, 5, 47, 99}, the middle would be 5 for what it's worth in the set, in spite of the way that 5 isn't somewhere between 2 and 99. On the off chance that you are given a considerably number of terms in the set, at that point you should take the mean (normal) of both center numbers. Locate the middle estimation of the arrangement of numbers {4, 12, 15, 3, 7, 10}. To start with, mastermind the numbers all together from least to most noteworthy. 3, 4, 7, 10, 12, 15 We have a significantly number of terms in our set, so we should take the normal of the two center terms. ${(7+10)}/2$ $={17}/2$ $=8.5$ Our middle is 8.5 The method of a lot of numbers is the number or numbers that recurrent the most often. In the arrangement of numbers {3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 12}, our mode is 4. Despite the fact that the number 3 happened twice, the number 4 happened multiple times and is subsequently our most as often as possible seeming number. On the off chance that each number in your set happens just a single time, there is no mode. In the arrangement of numbers {1, 13, 8, 42, 11}, there is no mode, since no number rehashes. On the off chance that numerous numbers in a set recurrent a similar number of times, your set will have more than one mode. In the set {1, 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8}, we have three modes-2, 5, and 8. Each of the three numbers happen precisely multiple times and no different numbers happen all the more much of the time. Subsequently we have numerous modes. Ba-dum tss! Commonplace Mean, Median, and Mode Questions Since the factual ideas of mean, middle, and mode are essentially basic (and likely very recognizable to a large portion of you), the SAT will attempt to convolute mean, middle, and mode inquiries as much as they are capable. Lamentably, these sorts of turns on straightforward ideas can arrive in a wide range of structures. For mean inquiries, they may approach you for the normal of a set with factors, or they may request that you discover the incentive to which the entirety of a lot of numbers must be brought or brought up in request down to locate a specific normal. Simply remember, that regardless of how odd the inquiry has all the earmarks of being, the procedure for finding the mean is constant. On the off chance that $x$ is the normal (number juggling mean) of $m$ and 9, $y$ is the normal of $2m$ and 15, and $z$ is the normal of $3m$ and 18, what is the normal of $x$, $y$, and $z$ as far as $m$? A) $m+6$ B) $m+7$ C) $2m+14$ D) $3m+21$ There are a ton of factors in this condition, however don't let them confound you. We definitely realize that the normal of two numbers is the whole of those two numbers isolated by 2. That implies that: $x = {m+9}/{2}$ $y= {2m+15}/{2}$ $z= {3m+18}/{2}$ Presently we have to locate the normal of $x$, $y$, and $z$. The normal of three numbers is the aggregate of those numbers partitioned by 3, or ${x+y+z}/{3}$. Subbing the past articulations for $m$ gives us: $[{m+9}/{2} +{2m +15}/{2} + {3m+15}/{2}]/3$ We can disentangle that part to ${6m+42}/{6}$ Or on the other hand $m+7$. Our last answer is B, $i m o{+} o 7$. Concerning inquiries on medians, the SAT will regularly attempt to give you a lot of huge numbers or a lot of numbers with some sum that are absent. This inquiry is posing about the middle which, as you probably are aware, we find by arranging the numbers in climbing request. There were a sum of 600 information focuses gathered (300 from each school) which implies the middle will be between the 300th and 301st numbers. Luckily, there's a method to take care of the issue without working out 600 numbers! You can place the numbers into bunches dependent on the data you're given in the outline. For each number of kin esteem, include the quantity of respondents from every one of the two schools together. For instance, 120 understudies from Lincoln School and 140 understudies from Washington School said they had no kin, and $120+140=260$. So an aggregate of 260 understudies have 0 kin. Do this for every one of the kin esteems. 260 understudies have 0 kin 190 understudies have 1 kin 90 understudies have 2 kin 40 understudies have 3 kin 20 understudies have 4 kin. Presently relegate every one of those gatherings esteems requested from littlest (0 kin) to biggest (4 kin) with the goal that your information is appropriately arranged. Qualities 1 through 260 will be 0. Qualities 261 through 450 will be 1. Qualities 451 through 540 will be 2. Qualities 541 through 580 will be 3. Qualities 581 through 600 will be 4. Both the 300th and the 301st qualities are 1, so the middle is 1. Our last answer is B, 1. The most up to date form of the SAT likewise incorporates rationale questions. These inquiries don't expect you to do any estimations, however you have to have a solid handle of insights to have the option to answer them. An examination was done on the loads of various sorts of fish in a lake. An irregular example of fish were gotten and set apart so as to guarantee that none were gauged more than once. The example contained 150 largemouth bass, of which 30% gauged multiple pounds. Which of the accompanying ends is best upheld by the example information? A) most of all fish in the lake weigh under 2 pounds. B) The normal load of all fish in the lake is roughly 2 pounds. C) Approximately 30% of all fish in the lake gauge multiple pounds. D) Approximately 30% of all largemouth bass in the lake gauge multiple pounds. For rationale addresses like these, the most ideal approach to assault them is to peruse the data you're given at that point, experience each answer decision and decide whether it's actual. In the inquiry, we're informed that: An irregular example of fish in a lake were gotten, none more than once The example included 150 largemouth bass 30% of those largemouth bass gauged multiple pounds Presently how about we experience the appropriate response decisions. A: This is mistaken on the grounds that it says most of all fish weigh under 2 pounds. We don't have the foggiest idea whether this is valid or not on the grounds that the inquiry just gives us data on the heaviness of largemouth bass. We don't have the foggiest idea how much different kinds of fish in the pound gauge. B: Again, we can't address inquiries concerning all the fish in the lake since we are just given data on largemouth bass. C: once more, we can't make speculations pretty much all the fish in the lake. On the off chance that the inquiry was simply posing about largemouth bass, at that point it'd be valid, since it matches with the information we were given, yet since it doesn't, it's off base. D: This decision gets some information about largemouth bass, which is a decent beginning. Also, indeed, this answer decision fits with the data we were given in the inquiry. Since 30% of the irregular example of largemouth bass gathered gauged multiple pounds, it's legitimate to infer that 30% of all the largemouth bass in the pound gauge multiple pounds. This is the right answer! This inquiry was trying your insight into what presumptions are coherent and which are not founded on the information you're given. Since we were just given data about the heaviness of largemouth bass, just explanations about largemouth bass explicitly have the chance of being upheld by our information. Our last answer is D. Also, finally, mode questions are entirely uncommon on the SAT. You should recognize what a mode signifies in case you will see a mode question on the test, however risks are you might be gotten some information about methods as well as medians. In spite of the fact that the SAT may attempt to change their inquiries, the standards behind them continue as before. Need to study the SAT however burnt out on perusing blog articles? At that point you'll cherish our free, SAT prep livestreams. Structured and driven by PrepScholar SAT specialists, these live video occasions are an extraordinary asset for understudies and guardians hoping to get familiar with the SAT and SAT prep. Snap on the catch underneath to enroll for one of our livestreams today! The most effective method to Solve Mean, Median, and Mode Questions Since these inquiries frequently appear to be clear, it tends to be anything but difficult to wind up racing through them. In any case, as you experience your test, make sure to remember these SAT math tips: #1: Always (consistently!) ensure you are responding to the correct inquiry Since the SAT will request that you discover implies more than medians or modes, it is extraordinarily regular for understudies who are hurrying through the SAT to peruse signify when the inquiry is really posing for a middle. If you're attempting to surge, it can turn out to be natural to look at a m-word and start in quickly on tackling the issue. Shockingly, the test producers realize that individuals will make blunders this way and they wil

Essay Topics For College Students

Essay Topics For College StudentsExemplification essay topics for college students are different from other essay topics. In the context of the essay, these essay topics are the most important part of the essay. They are the essay components that provide the student with a good foundation on which to build the rest of the essay.There are several reasons for which these essay topics are so important. In a school that has been specifically designed to educate people, the students who are taking the entrance examinations should be given the best possible opportunity to prepare themselves for the exams. The student must be able to compose and manage a well-structured essay that will answer all of the questions they have on their mind. Even the written assignments given by instructors at the school are what make up the bulk of the curriculum that is taught.In college, this means that students have to be able to demonstrate not only that they know the content of the essay but that they can write it in a way that makes sense and is convincing. Without this, they have absolutely no chance of passing the course. The same can be said for students in other school systems. For students who want to pass their courses in high school, it is very important to have a good grasp of what their instructor expects them to do.Through some research, students can find and choose exemplification essay topics for college students. These essay topics for college students vary from subject matter to subject matter, but they all offer a foundation on which to build the rest of the essay. Essay topics for college students to help the student communicate a message to others about something they want to learn and know better.What makes exemplification essay topics for college students different from other essay topics? Firstly, the students can expect to write a topic that is specific to the subject matter of the essay. This means that the student cannotinclude subject matter that is not spec ific to the essay topic they choose to use. There must be a connection between the topic and the essay.Furthermore, students should also choose essay topics that are relevant to the subject of the course they are taking. This means that they have chosen topics that the students will understand. A good example of this would be if the student was taking a course on tennis. If the student chooses to write an essay on tennis, then it would be more helpful to choose a topic on tennis and not learn how to tennis.Students can also expect to find some kind of a deadline for when they need to write their exemplification essay topics for college students. By choosing to write an essay, they have made the choice to make this happen. The deadline is only for the person writing the essay and not for the student.Students can also expect to see some kind of a completion date for their exemplification essay topics for college students. If the student chooses to write an essay, they have given the d ate and time of when the essay must be completed. By the end of this date, the student is expected to be able to show the essay to a professor and convince them that it can be read and understood.

Class and Status in Pride and Prejudice - Literature Essay Samples

While the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen does not openly display Marxs idea of the oppressed and the oppressor, it does clearly demonstrate Marxs ideas of society as a history of class struggle. Austen portrays class divisions and struggles through the relationships between the characters in the novel, chiefly the relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth. When subjected to a Marxist reading, Pride and Prejudice reflects how relationships were determined by wealth and class status in pre-industrial England. Subsequently the novel also displays the emergence of the bourgeoisie (the Gardiners) and how they affect class relations.Although Pride and Prejudice was written before the bourgeoisie become the dominant class of the western world, the industrial revolution had already begun and so had the emergence of this social class. Therefore the principle of personal worth being decided by exchange value (p. 82 The Communist Manifesto) can still be read in the novel and Marxs crit icism of the bourgeoisie can still be applied. It was obvious from the novels orientation that relationships were determined by a characters exchange value or in other words, their wealth and social position. This was overtly present in relationships between men and women in 18th Century England. The novels opening lines set the criteria for future relationships: It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. This line implied two central concepts, the first that Mr Bingley is only an acceptable husband as a result of his fortune. Secondly, women were expected to marry a wealthy man who could provide for them until death. Mrs Bennet, with five eligible daughters of marrying age, desired that all marry as highly as possible because the girls would not inherit any money from the family. When it first becomes clear that Mr Bingley has purchased Netherfield Estate he is immediately categorised as a potential husband for the Bennet girls. Mrs Bennet says of Bingley A single man of a large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls. Clearly his worth (at least initially) was monetary rather than based on upstanding personal traits or reputation.Its apparent that a mans personal fortune largely dictated how a community accepted him. Even the men of the town viewed Mr Bingley as a gentleman due to his wealth as they spoke highly of him. However, as soon as the wealthier Mr Darcy was introduced the praise and admiration was bestowed on him:Mr Darcy soon drew the attention of the roomby his noble mien; and the reportof his having ten thousand a yearthe gentlemen pronounce him to be a fine figure of a manFrom the first introduction of Mr Darcy to the other characters (and the reader) he was seen as the ideal man and husband due to his fortune. Even though his character was denounced soon after this introduction (for lack of manners) he was still primarily judged by his mate rial possessions not all his large estate in Derbyshire could save him. However, it was his large estate in Derbyshire that did save him in the novel. It was upon Elizabeths visit to Darcys estate (after her rejection of his marriage proposal) that she began to change her mind about his character and their relationship, as it states And of this place thought she I might have been mistress!. One might make the assumption that Darcy and Elizabeths union by novels conclusion reinforces that his wealth was important and that his pride was not sufficient in alienating him from the rest of the community. In fact his pride was a result of his large fortune and Elizabeth came to understand and forgive his pride.Of course, social positioning was just as important as wealth and most of the time the two came hand in hand. Darcy belonged to the aristocrats and thus had considerable social power and influence while Elizabeth belonged to a class below (landed gentry), resulting in conflict bet ween the two characters. Darcys rejection of Elizabeth upon their first encounter (due to her class) was an example of the struggle between classes. Darcy had several reasons to reject Elizabeth, namely her own social position, that her uncle made his money rather than inherited it (an example of the emerging bourgeoisie) and that her family did not behave accordingly:The situation of your mothers family, though objectionable, was nothing in comparison of the total want of propriety by your three younger sistersIn the novels context, English society did not believe in transgressing classes; it was expected that one would remain in the class they were born into. This was represented in Pride and Prejudice through Miss Bingleys objection to Jane and Bingleys union, and Lady Catherines objection to the marriage of Elizabeth and Darcy. Lady Catherines anger at this possible social faux pas can be seen through her conversation with Elizabeth on page 365: Your alliance will be a disgrace ; your name will never be mentioned by any of [Darcy family and friends]. Lady Catherine is not only incensed by Darcys love of Elizabeth but equally by the subsequent rejection of his cousin Are you lost to every feeling of propriety and delicacyfrom the [Darcys] earliest hours he was destined for his cousin. This statement reinforces how class transition was frowned upon and hence it was a disgrace if one was to marry below their class.On the other hand, if one continues a Marxist reading, Darcys acceptance of Elizabeth and her family demonstrates Marxs hypothesis that as the dominant class begins losing its social dominance it must align itself with the emerging class; in this case the bourgeoisie. As Marx stated on page 91 of The Communist Manifesto:A small section of the ruling class cuts itself adrift and joins the revolutionary classjust as a section of the nobility went over to the bourgeoisieIn Pride and Prejudice Darcy can represent the section of nobility that went over t o the bourgeoisie, while the bourgeoisie are represented by the Gardiners. After Darcys original dislike of the Gardiners he comes to accept them: his being now seeking the acquaintance of some of those very people, against whom his pride revolted. Darcys acceptance of the Gardiners can be read as an example of the bourgeois revolution Marx discussed in The Communist Manifesto (p. 91). Darcy can also represent the disappearing nobility in pre-industrial England and the changes that took place within that class in order to survive the industrial (and as Marx saw it, bourgeois) revolution. Effectively this is demonstrated by his acceptance for Elizabeths family and his willingness to marry for love rather than to cement his own social standing.Although Pride and Prejudice was written before Marxs manifesto one can clearly see evidence of his theories regarding class struggle as the history of all hitherto in society. Employing Marxs ideas one can suggest that Darcy and Elizabeth (as t he novels protagonists) demonstrate Marxs ideas regarding class struggle, wealth as personal worth and the acceptance of other classes in order to survive. Whilst to many Pride and Prejudice might be read as a romance, it was also a critique of the world Austen constructed in the novel. Thus, it is a novel that displays the class struggles Marx believed existed throughout history.

Discussing Friendship Lesson for English Learners

Friendship is central to everyones life. Ive found over the years that students are always happy to speak about their friends. An added bonus is that speaking about friends requires students to speak in the third person — always useful practice for the dreaded s in the present simple. Discussing work or conversations about love can be fruitful, but if there are problems at work or at home, students might not want to discuss these popular topics. Friendship, on the other hand, always provides good stories. Use these quotes about friendship to help students explore their notions, preconceived ideas, expectations, etc. about their own friendships, as well as discuss what true friendship really means. As quotations generally provide insight into the topic, ask students to use the questions to help guide them through a discussion of each quotation. Aim: Improving conversational skills related to friendshipActivity: Exploration of the meaning of quotes related to friendshipLevel: Intermediate to advanced Outline Take a quick classroom survey rating their workplace asking students for a definition of friendship.Compare and contrast traditional views of friendship with the current trend of liking and friending on social networks.Read one of the quotes on work. Discuss as a class using the questions provided in the handout.Have students get into small groups of three to four students.Ask students to use the questions to discuss the quotes and how they relate to their own friendships.As a class, ask students if there were any comments/views that surprised them and why.As a class, clarify the characteristics of a good friend. Write a list on the board separating acquaintance and friend. What are the differences between the two?As a follow-up exercise, ask each student to write a short cause and effect essay based on their favorite quote about friendship. Students should include the reasons why they believe the quote is true and what effects following the advice should have. Questions Evaluate each quote below using these questions. Does the quote define friendship? How?Does the quote seem to suggest the differences between a true friend and someone who is not?Does the quote provide a key to success in friendships? If yes, what seems to be the key?Does the quote caution you about something concerning friendship?Is the quote humorous? If yes, whats the point of the joke?Which quote seems the closest to your own definition of friendship?Which quote do you disagree with? Why? Quotes â€Å"Dont walk behind me; I may not lead. Dont walk in front of me; I may not follow. Just walk beside me and be my friend.† ― Albert Camusâ€Å"Its the friends you can call up at 4 a.m. that matter.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢ Marlene Dietrichâ€Å"The capacity for friendship is Gods way of apologizing for our families.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢ Jay McInerney, The Last of the Savagesâ€Å"The worst part of success is trying to find someone who is happy for you.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢ Bette Midlerâ€Å"Anybody can sympathize with the sufferings of a friend, but it requires a very fine nature to sympathize with a friends success.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢ Oscar Wildeâ€Å"Wishing to be friends is quick work, but friendship is a slow ripening fruit.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢ Aristotleâ€Å"A friend may be waiting behind a strangers face.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢ Maya Angelou, Letter to My Daughterâ€Å"Friendship is delicate as a glass, once broken it can be fixed but there will always be cracks†Ã ‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢ Waqar Ahmedâ€Å"Friendship is always a sweet responsibility, never an opportunity.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢ Kahlil Gibran, The Collected Worksâ€Å"The antidote for fifty enemies is one friend.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢ Aristotle

Covert Racism in America Essay - 1109 Words

Covert Racism in America Racism is still a very current issue in America today. By no means is racism as overt as it was fifty years ago with enforced segregation, but today racism is more covert and often hides behind closed doors to only strike out when least expected. Racism has been deceasing and will continue to be decreased only through education. Hopefully, one day racism will cease to exist. But, that day if possible is many years away. Racism still exists in America today. This is a very verifiable fact for it is estimated that currently in the United States there exists 751 active hate groups that espouse racism and hate based on a persons race, ethnicity, or religion (Southern Poverty Law Center, 2003). This data is very†¦show more content†¦But, hate crimes do still occur and some individuals do still die because they are hated by other because of their race. Even though hate crimes still do occur that are based on racist beliefs there is also a new appreciation in America for cultural pride and diversity. This cultural pride became very apparent after 9/11 when Americans became proud to be Americans. Flags and clothing depicting images of Americana were everywhere. This tragedy of 9/11 made people join together and express the ideology and power of being American. This new appreciation for being American has subsided some as time has gone on after 9/11, but most Americans still take great pride in being and expressing their Americanism. With the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s one saw a gradual acceptance of other races and cultures. This is apparent in the foods that we eat and in the friends that people have. Americans are no longer just WASPs, but people of every color who interact with each other in every way possible. This diversification of America is by no means complete. There are still many individuals who believe that certain races need to be repressed or even exterminated. But, people holding these types of racist views are decreasing. The one true way to help ever to eliminate racism, even further and to build a truly whole diversification of our society is through education. The summerShow MoreRelatedRacism Without Racists, By Jordan Peele797 Words   |  4 Pagesmany films. Like America, many films simply refuse to address this topic for various reasons. However, more recently, Jordan Peele’s 2017 box office hit Get Out explicates contemporary race relations in America. In the form of an unconventional comedy horror, Get Out is intricate in its depiction of white liberal attitudes towards African Americans. In short, Get Out suggests a form of covert racism existing in a post- Jim Crow era. 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Roberson SOCI 4421.01 â€Å"Defining Racism† February 22, 2011 Professor Harris Response Paper: Defining Racism In this article by Beverly Daniel Tatum, she uses her various life experiences to show the issues that come along with attempting to define racism in America. There are several external issues that come not only from defining racism, but with separating racism from prejudice. In dispelling preconceived notions that these two words are interchangeable, Tatum makesRead MoreRacial Profiling Is Out Of Control979 Words   |  4 Pages Racial Profiling is racism Today in America racial profiling is out of control. People are being attacked, judge and even killed for reasons beyond just skin color. For many years people of color have been racially profiled, and now when America should be moving forward, America is going backwards. Racial profiling, which is a form of racism has gotten out of control, and the past has not improved as we have moved into the 20th century. 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Americans are more likely to consider racism a big problem today than they were 20 years ago. When polled in 2016, 49% of Americans said racism is a big problem in the country, up from a mere 28% four years ago. While only 43% of white citizens consider racism a bi g problem, 66% of blacks and 64% of Hispanics consider it to be an issue, most likely because they are the ones who are affected by the increase in racism. The percentage of those who see racial tensions increasingRead MoreRace Theory Of Race And Racism845 Words   |  4 PagesTheories of race and racism have been used by sociologists to not only describe modern societies but also address issues of social injustice and achieve an end to racial oppression. Critical race theory is one of the most widely used for this purpose and provides the structure employed by Dwanna Robertson in her analysis of racism against Native Americans and the consequences they have experienced as a result. She uses the term legitimized racism to discuss the racialization of American Indians.Read MoreRacism : Racism And Racial Discrimination1425 Words   |  6 PagesRacism consists of ideologies and practices that seek to justify, or cause, the unequal distribution of privileges, rights or goods among dif ferent racial groups. Modern variants are often based in social perceptions of biological differences between peoples. These can take the form of social actions, practices or beliefs, or political systems that consider different races to be ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities

Torts Notes - 3653 Words

THE ROLE OF TORT LAW Compensatory Function: -Compensation for people who are injured by a wrong, injury to the person , or to the property Torts law can be divided into trespass action on the case and statutory torts TORT LAW REFORM Torts law used to be judge made, similar to common law 20th century statues came in Workers Compensation scheme, Motor Accidents Scheme, Occupational Health and Safety (Factories Act), Dust Diseases Schemes. Drug Compensation Schemes (uk). Characteristics of torts: 1. Wrongful conduct (by way of an act or omission) 2. Infringement of a person’s rights 3. An Available action for damages LAW REFORM AFTER 2002 * RECENT push to regulate the law of negligence in relation to personal injury *†¦show more content†¦(Rixon v Star City). Exigencies of everyday are not classified as â€Å"battery† . (rixon v star city). For battery it must be established that; 1. There was physical contact with the plaintiff’s body 2. This interference was direct upon the defendant’s act and not consequential 3. Defendant’s act was a positive act 4. The defendant had the requisite state of mind i.e. act of interference was voluntary and intentional or voluntary and negligent. The plaintiff bears the onus of proof for the first three requirements and the defendant for the final one. ASSAULT definition: An assault occurs when the defendant deliberately causes the plaintiff to apprehend immediate physical contact (Rixon v Star City). It is distinguished from battery because of the reasonable apprehension of imminent contact. Elements of Assault A direct threat by the defendant: - Barton v Armstrong 1969 – whether or not the apprehension is reasonable is determined objectively with regard to the circumstances which existed at the time of the alleged assault. That causes the plaintiff to reasonably apprehend –The defendant must have the present and apparent ability of carrying out the battery. Some Imminent (impending) contact: (Zanker v Vartzokas). Intentional – Hall v Foneca – the plaintiffs shook his hand at the defendant. For Assault it must be established that ; 1. Apprehension of immediate physical contact with the body of theShow MoreRelatedTorts study notes Essay17110 Words   |  69 PagesReview June, 1997 W. Page Keeton Symposium on Tort Law MIXED THEORIES OF TORT LAW: AFFIRMING BOTH DETERRENCE AND CORRECTIVE JUSTICE Gary T. Schwartza Copyright (c) 1997 Texas Law Review Association; Gary T. Schwartz Introduction Currently there are two major camps of tort scholars. One understands tort liability as an instrument aimed largely at the goal of deterrence, commonly explained within the framework of economics. The other looks at tort law as a way of achieving corrective justice betweenRead MoreA Brief Note On An Intentional Torts?882 Words   |  4 Pagesgeneral consequences that would result because of his or her conduct. 5. Fully describe (2) Intentional Torts An intentional tort is a tort that is done on purpose or deliberately. It is an unjustified act that causes trauma or harm to someone else. For a tort to be intentional, the person perpetrating the tort must know to a certain degree that it would result in harm. Below are two Intentional Torts: False Imprisonment: This involves deliberately confining another person from moving freely in an unlawfulRead MoreA Brief Note On Torts And Consumer Protection1322 Words   |  6 PagesTorts and Consumer Protection We have all heard about different malpractice cases whether on line, in the news or personal experiences. Throughout the years, many medical procedures have been changed due to new technology and doctors have been tasked with learning new procedures; and following these procedures that are set forth based on the equipment. Unfortunately for some doctors, patients have been killed, limbs removed in error amongst other medical conditions that are irreversible becauseRead MoreEssay on Notes on Torts, Negligence, and Strict Liability2537 Words   |  11 Pages* A tort (in French, meaning â€Å"wrong†) is a wrong or injury to another than a breach of contract I. Introduction to Tort Law * Tort Law’s primary objective is to provide compensation for injured parties. * Secondary objective is that it discourages private retaliation by injured person’s and their friends * Third objective is that it satisfies our collective sense of right and wrong by providing that someone who creates harm should make things right by compensating thoseRead MoreA Brief Note On Tort And Negligence By Ray Knight, A Middle Student Is Shot961 Words   |  4 PagesTort and negligence is an age has resulted in many court cases resulting in certain procedures and conditions businesses, schools or even individuals may have to abide by. 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Relevant Law Causation Fairchild Barker Compensation Act 2006 s.3 Application In most cases the ‘but for’ test is the method used for establishing factualRead MoreA Brief Note On Tort And Its Effects On Society1757 Words   |  8 PagesCase 1 – Tort in legitimate words can be characterized as the collection of different commitments, cures and rights that are put to use by courts whilst common procedures to guarantee equity is served and help is given to individuals who experience the ill effects of the unsafe and wrongful demonstration of others. An offended party can be characterized as the individual who supports harm or is bothered about monetary harm as the after effect of tortious behaviour. Then again a litigant is theRead MoreCivil Court System Of America1497 Words   |  6 Pagesactions, he could be forced to cover the cost of any harms inflicted on others during the incident. Legal experts use the word tort to describe harms like these. The laws that govern how torts are handled in the court systems of America have been under severe attack in recent years. Many groups have successfully lobbied several state legislatures into making reforms to their tort laws. Unfortunately, even though many of these reforms are established with the best of intentions, legislators at times makeRead MoreBusiness Ethics Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pages31: Constitutional, Contract, Criminal, Evidence, Property and Tort Law 32: List and explain Nash’s, Drucker’s, Buffet’s, Blanchards and Peale’s comprehensive approach for resolving ethical dilemma Drucker: â€Å"Above all do no harm.† Intentionally making decisions that will not do harm will encourage ethical decision-making. Buffet: front-page-of-the-paper test, it supports critical thinking to envision how the decision may look on the front page of a paper before making the final decision. Read MoreResume Letter For An Affiliate Program1384 Words   |  6 Pagesterms and conditions that apply to you becoming an affiliate in Happily Blended Media’s Affiliate Program. The purpose of this Agreement is to allow linking between your web site or social media platforms and each of our membership platforms. Please note that throughout this Agreement, we, us, and our refer to Brandy Tanner DBA Happily Blended Media, and you, your, and yours refer to the affiliate. Overview/Affiliate Obligations There is no application process; each of our members will

Growing-Up Explored in Banana Yoshimoto’s Kitchen Essay

Growing-Up Explored in Banana Yoshimoto’s Kitchen The first time I read Kitchen, I knew I was experiencing something very special. Not since my initial reading of Catcher in the Rye have I witnessed such a perceptive look at the joys and pains of growing up. These coming-of-age novels capture our attention with plots that, while twisting and turning in creative, off-beat ways, remain believable. The writers of these novels tell us their stories with a subtle style more exciting than that of textbooks and assigned reading, a style not unlike a good one-sided conversation. Finally, within this great style of writing, the authors infuse honest insights, often humorous and sometimes poignant, which do not carry a lecturing or†¦show more content†¦Guess what else--shes a man. He could barely contain his amusement. This was too much. I just stared at him in wide-eyed silence. I expected any second he would say, Just kidding. Those tapered fingers, those mannerisms, the way she carried herself... I held my breath remembering that beautiful face; he, on the other hand, was enjoying this (p. 13). Later, when Mikage recounts the time Eriko shared with her the importance of a particular pineapple plant, eyebrows may be raised as the words In this world, tonight, only the pineapple and I understand each other are read. (p. 81) As strange as they sound out of context now, these words are actually moving when you have already learned the meaning Eriko placed on the plant. Yoshimoto arranges unique scenarios such as these in expressive ways that, in the hands of less talented authors, would otherwise appear simply ridiculous. She touches young adults because she is able to bring realism to these strange stories. Once the reader has accepted her unique storyline, he is drawn to her subtle writing style. There is no doubt that Yoshimoto is proficient at setting the scene. Chilled-looking people walking along the riverside, the snow beginning, faintly, to pile up on the roofs of cars, the bare trees shaking their heads left and right, dry leaves tossing in the wind (p. 103). At times, the Japanese life she describes seems familiar. What is more important in a coming-of-age

Analysis of Before the Rain Essay - 650 Words

Analysis of Before the Rain Before the Rain, filmed on location in the Republic of Macedonia and in London is a trilogy that focuses on the conflict between Muslims and Orthodox Christians in the Balkans. The three chapters of the trilogy are Words, Faces and Pictures. Director Milcho Manchevski states; Before the Rain, refers to the feeling of heavy expectation, when the skies are pregnant with the possibility of an outburst, when people are silent, waiting for a tragedy of cleansing(1). The movie is a circle in itself, showing the reoccurring cycles of violence and hate. In the first chapter, Words, the audience is introduced to Kirkil, a Macedonian Monk who has taken a vow of†¦show more content†¦The construction of Manchevskis story is intended to demonstrate the futility of ancient hatreds. There are a few moments in the film in which hatred of others is greater than love of ones own. Imagine a culture where a man would ra ther kill his daughter than allow her to love a man from another culture, and one will have an idea of the depth of bitterness in this film, the insane lengths to which men can be driven by belief and prejudice ( Ebert 3). Mise-en-scene is a French term roughly translated as what is put into the Scene. Before the Rain, uses examples of mise-en-scene through out the movie. Each of the three chapters is opened with a plane flying across a blue sky. The purpose to incorporate the plane in each part is used by Manchevski to show a sense of escape. In the third chapter, the plane Aleksander is on lands in Macedonia. This symbolizes Aleksanders desire to be home, while the other citizens of Albania and Macedonia would rather escape by flying away. The deliberate use of the sky in each chapter of the movie is used by Manchevski to show the heavy expectation†¦ when the people are silent, waiting for a tragedy of cleansing(Manchevski 1). Kirkil, Anne and Aleksander all are filmed vomiting, implying that the realization of violence amongst people is nauseating to them. Often children are shown with guns, and in one scene a gun is taken from a child and given to a retard,Show MoreRelatedDesigning A Bigger Scale Project1745 Words   |  7 Pages Before I chose landscape architecture as a start point of my career, all I know about landscape architecture is to design things around people from small to big scale----gardens, parks, streets and urban planning. Later on I realized that I can’t just do the design from some ideas which come from my mind, research, evidence and experience are all essential preparation for design. A design idea cannot be practical without research and research cannot be practiced without design and construction.Read MoreMasuji Ibuse Is The Author Of The Provocative Third Wave1317 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel Black Rain. To read Black Rain without taking into consideration the post-nuclear environment that has permeated society since before the authorship of this novel specifically the hot spot of the Vietnam war which was at the peak of its conflict during the writing of Black Rain(1965-1966) is nearly impossible. â€Å"When reading the air you will see one but know ten† This combination of two Japanese proverbs define what ibuse is doing with the novel. When we read section of Black Rain the text hasRead MoreA Project Description Of The Landscape1330 Words   |  6 PagesOne way to assist in the reduction effluents into a water system is to use urban rain gardens. A basic definition of a rain garden is a depression in the landscape that will collect storm water runoff and get it in the ground (Emery 2006). This depression in the ground is then filled with native plants that utilize the excess nutrients taking them down to a reasonable level before they enter the water system. The rain garden also absorbs surpluses of water that the additional impervious pavementsRead MoreGreen Infrastructure Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pages2.2. Practices of Green Infrastructure Regarding GSI, EPA (2015) introduces eleven types of the practices of GI on their website: rain gardens, bioswales, permeable pavements, green streets and alleys, green parking, green roofs, urban tree canopy, land conservation and etc. Among these practices, this research selected four practices: rain gardens, bioswales, permeable pavement (covering green parking), and green roofs. This is mainly because they are widely accepted as representative tools forRead MoreSuitability Analysis789 Words   |  4 PagesThis chapter is mainly intended to suggest a springboard for filling gaps between analysis (method) and practices. 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Shel Silverstein’s poem, â€Å"Where the Sidewalk Ends† a three stanza poem, and is in the view of a child. It is very descriptive about what the child is seeing also. I believe that Silverstein was trying to get kids to understandRead MoreAcid Rain And Its Impact On The Environment1475 Words   |  6 Pages Acid Rain and Its Impact on the Environment Jason A. Flores Environmental Science 101 Farmer MSJC/Beaumont High School December 19, 2016 Introduction Acid rain, according to the EPA, is any form of precipitation such as rain, fog, sleet, snow, hail, or even dust that contains acidic components (2016). It can also be called â€Å"acid deposition† and will usually contain compounds such as sulfuric or nitric acid in their wet or dry forms. While acid rain might not have an immediate apocalypticRead MoreTheftby Katherine Anne PorterFollow 10 Members1550 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Theft by Katherine Anne Porter Follow 10 Members Following Summary Themes Analysis More ââ€" » Theft by Katherine Anne Porter Analysis Style and Technique (Comprehensive Guide to Short Stories, Critical Edition) print Print document PDF list Cite link Link â€Å"Theft† is a unique short story in the Porter canon for several reasons. It is the first effort at incorporating autobiographical elements into her work. Porter developed an intense relationship with Matthew Josephson, her literary mentor and

Emergence of Social Networking Sites-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Advantages and disadvantages of using social networks in business. Answer: Introduction People belonging to the current era are gradually becoming accustomed with the advancement of technology. The overarching term social networks ensure systematic practice that allows business organizations in improving the way of communication as well as productivity. Social networking is the form of internet based social media programs that allows making an effective connection with business clients as well as customers. Marketers in order to enhance their brand image and reputation intend to use the popularity of social networking platforms (Baltar and Brunet 2012). The enhancement of social networks allows the business organizations in getting familiar with the new customers who even belong to different geographical market. With the help of social networks number of business can be expanded to different geographical corners. The business executives get the scope to promote their brand and services to various geographical areas. The products and services get the scope to reach beyon d regional market. Therefore, business executives get the opportunities to expand their entire process of business in the international market again. At the same time, the emergence of social networking sites are constituted with some of the major disadvantages as well. After the emergence of social media the business service providers get least opportunity in collecting customers feedback by making face to face communication. Customers while providing necessary feedback to the service providers regarding the products as well as services cannot maintain privacy. Feedback through social media or any kind of private forum is not private. They have to make any kind of comment publicly (Picazo-Vela et al. 2012). For that particular reason large number of customers does not intend to provide feedback through social networking sites. Business organizations have to face difficulties in gathering customers feedback. This particular study has focused to make an in-depth analysis about the advantages and disadvantages of using social networks in business. Project Objective The primary aim of this particular study is to critically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using social networks in business. With the help of various eminent scholars the study has focused to present both the positive as well as negative impact of using social networking sites. The primary objectives of this specific study are as follows: To critically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using social networks in business To highlight the factors that affect in using social networking sites within business To provide some of the major recommendations on how the necessary barriers of using social networking sites can be overcome Project Scope It has been observed that in last five years business organizations especially small and medium enterprises are facing innumerable difficulties in expanding their entire process of business in different geographical boundaries (Aljabre 2012). People belonging to the various countries are not aware of the products and services of those small and medium organizations. Automatically, the target market of those organizations remains the same. Business executives do not get enough scope and opportunities in enhancing their target market for rendering a boundary on the overall communication. In order to make a change on the overall business process the executives of various organizations have decided to emphasize on the social networking sites for enhancing their overall business process. After the emergence of social networking sites the business managers have faced immense scopes to introduce their brands as well as services beyond going the regional market (Sekaran and Bougie 2016). At the same time, emergence of social network has brought some of the disadvantages on overall business performance as well. This particular study has primarily focused to make an in-depth critical analysis about the impact of social networking on the enhancement of overall business process. Literature Review Literature review is the systematic procedure of making an in-depth analysis about a particular topic by involving some of the eminent scholars belonging to the contemporary ages. In this specific study an in-depth critical overview about the impact of social media network on the overall business performance has been portrayed. The overall concept of social networking sites and its significance on business performances Batjargal et al. (2013) stated that with the dynamic change of global industry the needs and demands of the customers are changing gradually. As per the earlier business scenario, people were very much accustomed with the traditional media networks. Traditional media networks include television, radio and print media and so on. People belonging to different geographical boundaries are not very much familiar with the service process of business organizations especially small and medium enterprises. Therefore, social media platform is one of the most effective media vehicles with the help of which people belonging to different geographical markets can communicate with each other by sitting at their own place. As report says, around 40% of the populations are connected with social networks (Myers 2013). The first billion reached within the year 2005. The second billion reached within 2010 and third billion reached within 2014. After the increase of wide range of social media users the b usiness performers get better scope to interact with their clients (Baruah 2012). At the very initial period the promotional activities were highly dependent on the electronic as well as print media vehicles. International customers get least opportunities in sharing their own opinion regarding the reliability of products and services. In this kind of situation, the social networks have become of the most significant platforms for introducing the brand in the global market. As emphasized by Sashi (2012), large number of business organizations are primarily associated with some of the most recognizable social media channels for promoting their entire business process in different geographical corners. The social media channels include Facebook, Twitter, Google Plus, Linkedin, etc. The rate of social media users all over the world includes: Figure 1: The rate of social media users all over the world (Source: Zikmund et al. 2013) The numbers of Facebook users are wide in range in comparison to other social media platforms as opined by Gronum et al. (2012). Large number of business organizations tends to give their online advertisement of products and services through social media pages. People with the current trend do not intend to follow news in a stereotype manner. Therefore, business experts do not intend to use the news channels as their platform of business promotion. After rising the innumerable rate of Facebook users is one of the major advantages for the business experts (Denscombe 2014). As a result, the marketing managers are intending to use Facebook pages for drawing the attention of customers. On the other hand, other people belonging to different geographical markets to use other social networking sites as well. Customers of global areas can get the scope to provide their own point of views regarding the service quality a particular brand in social media platform. Okazaki and Taylor (2013) opin ed that business experts do not have to go anywhere in order to gather necessary feedback from the customers. This particular study has focused to make an in-depth overview about the positive as well as negative impact of social networking sites in expanding the entire business process. The range of target market can also be increased after the use of social media platform. The impact of social networks on business organizations In order to evaluate the impact of social network on the overall business the study has tried to portray both the positive as well as negative impact. As per the opinion of some of the eminent scholars some people are not very much accustomed with the advancement of technology. Rennie and Morrison (2013) stated that especially people who belong to the age group of 40 to 60 are not very much aware of operating technological process. In this kind of situation, social media networks act as a major negative impact on the overall performance level of the organization. At the same time, some of the eminent scholars have stated that social media has emerged as a bridge among the customers of different geographical markets. Business experts are flexible enough in launching the brand in the international market with the help of social media platform. Automatically the business experts have raised their target group beyond going regional market. After the evaluation on the impact of social media platform on the overall business process this particular study has provided an in-depth overview on how much effective the social media is for enhancing the business performance level of the organization. While providing some of the major recommendations on how the necessary barriers of using social networking sites can be overcome the study has suggested in providing training and development session to the employees based on which they can enhance their skill and competency level. Necessary advantages and disadvantages of social networking sites As emphasized by Slovensky and Ross (2012), social networking sites are the flexible platform where the business organizations can create personal profile, own page and forum for collecting customers response. With the growing progress of civilization the business trends are getting changed gradually. Employees are getting accustomed with communicating people with the help of social media platform. In this kind of situation, social media has become one of the most inevitable platforms for business promotions as well as expansion. On the other hand some of the eminent scholars believe that social media platform is possessed with some of the major disadvantages as well. The primary advantages of using social networking sites are as follows: Connecting the entire world: Social media has connected the entire world within a specific boundary. An individual social media user can communicate with anyone by sitting at their own place. Therefore, business experts intend to use social media platform for introducing their brands as well as products to the global market. Borgatti, Everett and Johnson (2013) stated that automatically the international customers get an effective scope to provide their feedback regarding the reliability of products. Business executives on the other hand, get an opportunity in enhancing their product variety to meet the needs and demands of global consumers. In this kind of situation, people belonging to different geographical market would like to show their interest in using products as well as services due to the large number of product variety. Online advertising attracts global consumers: Social networks allow the organizational employees to present the advertising campaign Worldwide. Social media users by sitting at their own workplace can view the online advertisement. While presenting the advertising content the marketing executives have to focus on some of the major aspects. Chen and Bryer (2012) stated that the content writers should focus on developing the content in such a way that people belonging to different geographical ages and religious backgrounds can easily understand the content. On the other hand, the business experts should never focus on the people of specific geographical location. Product should be designed in such a way that people of various religious backgrounds can focus on using the products as well as services. Providing as well as collecting immediate feedback: With the help of social network platform the customers get the scope to provide an immediate feedback regarding the reliability of products and services (Eriksson and Kovalainen 2015). In most of the cases it has been observed that the business experts have provided negative regarding the quality of products as well as services to the business experts. Based on the customers feedback the organization is able to change their strategies and policies for fulfilling the needs and demands of the customers. On the other hand, it has also been observed that business experts get the scope of providing immediate feedback to the customers so that customers do not lose their trust on the organization. On the other hand social networking sites are not devoid of some of the major disadvantages as well. The primary disadvantages of social media networks are as follows: Lack of direct communication: After the emergence of social networking sites the business experts fail to communicate with the customers directly. As a result, the customers do not get the scope of providing direct feedback to the service providers. As per the opinion of Whiting and Williams (2013), direct communication is highly important in order to get an effective feedback from the customers. Social media platform is not competent enough in collecting genuine feedback from the customers as their every comment is published publicly. Raise of cyber bulling and criminal activities: The raise of cyber bulling crime activities are increasing day by day after the emergence of social networking sites. Use of social media can expose the individuals for harassment as the entire contact detail is very much exposed to everyone (Dabner 2012). In this kind of situation, people belonging to different geographical markets are facing insecure in using the platform of social media. Influencing only young generation: Hamat, Embi and Hassan (2012) opined that social media network is influencing young generation only with the help of which aged persons belonging to different geographical boundaries are getting deprived of getting aware of the upcoming brands and products. Therefore, the people belonging to different age group are not very much accustomed with the advancement of technology. In this kind of situation, business organizations fail to draw the attention of customers belonging to different geographical boundaries. Factors implementing social network on business performance Some of the major factors that become a serious hindrance in using social networking sites within the process of business are as follows: Lack of proper training on technology: As per the opinion of Dabner (2012), senior employees do not have proper training in handling the technological operation. As a result, while providing customer services those employees have to face innumerable difficulties in operating the technological devices. Customers fail to get proper response at the stipulated time. Automatically they intend to show their reluctance in using the products and services from this particular organization. As emphasized by Eriksson and Kovalainen (2015), organizations should always provide an effective training and development session to the employees. As a result, the customers would not have to face difficulties in receiving the service process within specific time. Lack of sufficient technological equipments It has been observed that business organizations especially SMEs sometimes fail to use social media networks for communicating with the customers due to the lack of sufficient technological equipments. On the hand, employees are not capable enough in operating technologies (Chen and Bryer 2012). On the other hand, the employees so not have enough scope in developing their technological skill due to the lack of proper equipments at the workplace. In this kind of situation, services providers have to be dependent entirely on face to face communication, direct marketing and so on. Technological equipments enable the service providers in maintaining communication by sitting at their own workplace. At the same time, the customers get the scope to receive an immediate response from the customer service providers. Lack of economic strength Economy is one of the most significant factors based on which the rate of business expansion is highly dependent. Organizations are able to implement technological equipments, web page promotion and social media promotion only when the economic strength of the organization is on the favor. It has been observed that large number of business organizations due to the lack of economic strength fail to use social media networks for promoting their business a as well as for communicating with the international customers. As per the opinion of Borgatti, Everett and Johnson (2013), marketing managers should invest sufficient number of budget for the business promotion. As a result, the customers belonging to international markets would become aware of the brands and products. Limited target customers As opined by Slovensky and Ross (2012), social media network attracts those kinds of customers who are from young group of ages. Most of the social media users are from young generation. As a result, people belonging to other age group face difficulties in getting proper knowledge and information regarding the reliability of brands and products. In this kind of situation, business organizations are dealing with limited number of target group of people. However, in order to overcome this particular situation, the business experts along with using social media platform can use the popularity of print media as well as electronic media as well. As a result, the people of various age groups would be aware of the reliability as well as validity of brands and the products. Literature gap The entire study has focused to make an in-depth overview about the impact of using social networks in business. While discussing the impacts of using social networks the study has focused to make a critical overview about the various positive and negative aspects of social media networks. This particular literature review is not devoid of some of its negative effects as well. As per the opinion of some of the eminent scholars social media highly impacts on young generation in committing cyber crime. Therefore, the study could have focused in dealing with the negative impacts of using social networks in more detailed way. Summary: The primary purpose of this particular literature review is to highlight the various impact of using social networks in business. In order to portray the various impacts of social networks the study has depicted the opinion of different scholars. People belonging to different geographical boundaries can get the scope of getting an overview about the reliability of brands and the products. Therefore, this particular study has highlighted the positive as well as negative effects of using social networks for promoting entire process of business. At the same time, the study has depicted some of the major factors that highly influence in implementing social networking sites. The study has critically evaluated those factors as well. Conclusion This particular study has focused to make a deep insight on the advantages and disadvantages of using social networks in business. Numerous eminent scholars have provided their own opinion about the impact of social networks in enhancing business performances. People belonging to different geographical markets do not have enough knowledge about the reliability of products and services. Therefore, the business executives intend to use the popularity of social media platform for making effective promotional activities. At the same time, it has also been observed that some of the major factors are there that highly prevents the overall performance level of the business organizations. For an example, social networking sites are primarily beneficial for the young generation. Therefore, people belonging to different ages are not getting aware of the products and services if the organization depends on social media network fully. In the literature review part, the study has focused to make an in-depth critical analysis with the help of which various conspicuous scholars have provided their own opinion about the effectiveness of social network sites on the overall business performance. The emergence of facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram has brought the people of various geographical markets closer. At the same time, the business executives should focus on other media vehicle as well with the help of which people belonging to different age group can also be aware of the brands and services. Business organizations should never be restricted within a specific group of people. Therefore, the marketing executives can use the social networks on one hand for expanding the entire process of business. On the other hand, the marketing managers should be dependent on other platforms of media as well for being attached with customers of middle ages. Reference List: Aljabre, A., 2012. Cloud computing for increased business value.International Journal of Business and social science,3(1). Baltar, F. and Brunet, I., 2012. Social research 2.0: virtual snowball sampling method using Facebook.internet Research,22(1), pp.57-74 Baruah, T.D., 2012. Effectiveness of Social Media as a tool of communication and its potential for technology enabled connections: A micro-level study.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,2(5), pp.1-10. Batjargal, B., Hitt, M.A., Tsui, A.S., Arregle, J.L., Webb, J.W. and Miller, T.L., 2013. Institutional polycentrism, entrepreneurs' social networks, and new venture growth.Academy of Management Journal,56(4), pp.1024-1049. Borgatti, S.P., Everett, M.G. and Johnson, J.C., 2013.Analyzing social networks. SAGE Publications Limited. Chen, B. and Bryer, T., 2012. Investigating instructional strategies for using social media in formal and informal learning.The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,13(1), pp.87-104. Dabner, N., 2012. Breaking Groundin the use of social media: A case study of a university earthquake response to inform educational design with Facebook.The Internet and Higher Education,15(1), pp.69-78. Denscombe, M., 2014.The good research guide: for small-scale social research projects. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen, A., 2015.Qualitative methods in business research: A practical guide to social research. Sage. Gronum, S., Verreynne, M.L. and Kastelle, T., 2012. The role of networks in small and medium?sized enterprise innovation and firm performance.Journal of Small Business Management,50(2), pp.257-282. Hamat, A., Embi, M.A. and Hassan, H.A., 2012. The use of social networking sites among Malaysian university students.International Education Studies,5(3), p.56. Myers, M.D., 2013.Qualitative research in business and management. Sage. Okazaki, S. and Taylor, C.R., 2013. Social media and international advertising: theoretical challenges and future directions.International marketing review,30(1), pp.56-71. Picazo-Vela, S., Gutirrez-Martnez, I. and Luna-Reyes, L.F., 2012. Understanding risks, benefits, and strategic alternatives of social media applications in the public sector.Government information quarterly,29(4), pp.504-511. Rennie, F. and Morrison, T., 2013.E-learning and social networking handbook: Resources for higher education. Routledge. Sashi, C.M., 2012. Customer engagement, buyer-seller relationships, and social media.Management decision,50(2), pp.253-272. Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R., 2016.Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons Slovensky, R. and Ross, W.H., 2012. Should human resource managers use social media to screen job applicants? Managerial and legal issues in the USA.info,14(1), pp.55-69. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

Brca1 Brca2 Essay Example For Students

Brca1 Brca2 Essay Are Women MoreSusceptibleto Breast and OvarianCancer If a Mutation inBRCA1 and BRCA2 isFoundBreast and Ovarian cancer are the two most common kinds of cancers found in women in the United States. An estimated 90-95% of cancer casesare believed to be environmental and lifestyle related. The remaining five toten percent of these types of cancers may be caused by inherited geneticmutations. The existence of a breast cancer susceptibility gene known asBRCA1 and its approximate location on human chromosome 17 have beenknown for about 4 years, on the basis of retrospective family studies. Butonly since 1994 have scientist actually been able to isolate and sequence thegene. In 1995, BRCA2 (a similar gene) was identified. In some families, thegene is inherited in a mutated form. Women who inherit a mutated form arehighly susceptible to breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 and BRCA2 aretwo known genes that are responsible for an increased risk of both breast andovarian cancer. (Malone 136)What i s cancer? Cancer is defined as a disease in which abnormalcells multiply without control, destroying healthy tissue and endangering life. Cancer occurs in most species of animals and in many kinds of plants, as wellas human beings. About 100 types of cancers attack human beings. BRCA1and BRCA2 are genes linked to breast (male and female), prostate, ovarian,and colon cancer. (Harris 1) Cancer strikes people of all ages, but especially middle-aged to elderlypeople. It occurs equally among both males and females. The disease canattack any part of the body and may spread through means of blood flow. Cancer may spread only if it is not caught in time. Many types of cancers aredetermined in various stages in which they can be treated and possibly cured. (Harris 2)The occurrence of a specific kind of cancer varies from country tocountry. For example cancer of the stomach is much more common in Japanthan in the United States. The primary body sites that cancer strikes mostoften are the skin ; the female breasts; and the organs of the digestive,respiratory, reproductive, blood-forming, lymphatic, and urinary systems. (Harris 2)The body of an adult human being is made up of hundreds of billions ofcells. Each minute, several billion of these die and are replaced severalbillion new cells. Each if these new cells then doubles in size and becomescapable of dicing throughout mitosis. This way, new cells are being producedfor every cell that dies. Normal, non-cancerous cells, divide at a normal raterequired to replace dying cells, never at a faster rate. Like normal cells,cancer cells reproduce by dividing, but have lost the ability to reproduce at acontrolled rate. (Collins 183)Whenever anything interferes with the reproductive control of cells, thecells multiply and gradually build up a mass of tissue called a tumor. Tumorsthat are benign do not spread, while tumors that are malignant do spread anddestroy other parts of the body. The spread of cancer from one part of thebody to the other is known as metastasis. Cancers ability to spread makesthe disease extremely difficult to treat unless detected early. (Harris 4)Most experts agree that people develop cancer mainly throughprolonged contact with one or more carcinogens. In addition, scientistssuspect that a person may inherit a tendency to develop the disease as well,linking it to DNA alterations. Carcinogens attack normal cells and mayeventually cause one of the cells to become cancerous. Scientists believe that90 to 95% of cancer start this way. The changes are then passed on to thecells descendants. One cancerous cell turns into two, and two into four, andfour into eight, and so on. Carcinogens are introduced into the body throughthe nose, mouth, or some other bodily openings. Many cancers are caused bya combination of two or more agents usually rather than a single one. (Harris 7)Some cancers, including those of the breast and colon, occur amongblood relatives at a higher than average rate. Scienti st believe that somepeople inherit a tendency to develop a certain type of cancer. Only a fewtypes of cancer though have been proven to be hereditary, such as, breast andovarian cancer. In addition researchers have identified certain genes, calledproto-oncogenes, that are vital to early tissue development. When thesegenes become changed or rearranged by chemicals or viruses, these genes intheir altered state are called oncogenes. The oncogenes than transform ahealthy cell into a cancerous cell. Scientists have identified over 50oncogenes that may cause cancer in certain organs such as the bladder,breasts, liver, lungs, colon, and pancreas. Some scientists believe thatoncogenes are involved in all cancers, while others do not. (Harris 7)Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer amongAmerican women, affecting 1 in 10 during their life time. It is estimated that45% of all families with significantly high breast cancer incidence, and atleast 80% of families with elevated r ates of both early-onset breast cancer andovarian cancer, carry the mutated BRCA1 gene. A rough estimate is that 1 in200 women in the U.S may have an inherited mutation in the gene. (AmericanCancer Society packet) Up until the 1940s many doctors and scientist thought breast cancerwas a result of old aging. Scientists know now that breast cancer is not aresult of old aging, but a result of being in contact with too many carcinogens,or as a result of inheriting certain genes. It is becoming more and more clear,that all cancers i.e. breast cancer, have a strong genetic basis, not necessarymeaning that they are all hereditary, but can be found linked to certain geneson chromosomes. (Love 165)Normal cells have 46 chromosomes which appear in 23 pair, butcancer cells usually have many more and on occasion fewer. The risks ofdeveloping breast cancer comes from either parent. Because each person hastwo copies of each gene, but transmits only one copy to each of his or heroffspring, the laws of chance predict that about half of all children of a parentwith a mutation in the BRCA1 gene will inherit the alteration. This flawedgene will make you more susceptible to cancer. The most common genes inwomen and men, that when damaged cause breast cancer are BRCA1 andBRCA2. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are also linked to an increased risk for ovariancancer as well as breast cancer. (Love 167)Usually breast and ovarian cancer are not inherited. It has beenestimated that about 5 to 10% of all breast and ovarian cancers are thought tobe due to mutations in a gene inherited from a parent. However, if anindividual has several closely related family members with breast and/orovarian cancer, or if cancer has occurred at an early age, there is highersuspicion that the breast cancer in that family may be an inheritance. (Scalia 1)BRCA1: BR=breast CA=cancer gene 1, located on chromosome 17q,was first discovered in 1994 by Mark Skolnick at Myriad Genetics Corp. BRCA1 normally is responsible for making proteins which is important forthe normal functions of the cells. A mutation in BRCA1 can change theprotein it makes so the protein does not work as well. The BRCA1 gene isencoded by 5591 nucleotides distributed over a gnomic region which isapproximately 100kb in length. (Langston 3) SEE DIAGRAM 1It is possible that the BRCA1 gene may be involved in some sporadiccases through somatic mutations (mutations that cannot be passed tooffspring) that occur in DNA of breast cells during a womans lifetime. Preliminary evidence, however, suggests that BRCA1 plays a small role, ifany, in sporadic breast cancer. (Langston 4)BRCA2: BR=breast CA=cancer gene 2 was discovered in 1995 by Dr. Steven Narod in Ontario, Canada. Twenty-two coding exons of the geneencode a protein of 1863 amino acids. The protein contains a putative RINGfinger domain near the amino-terminal, suggesting BRCA2 may regulatetranscription. (Levine 25) DIAGRAM 1BRCA2, located on chromosome 13q, functions similar to BRCA1. The only real difference between BRCA1 and BRCA2 is that BRCA2 increases the risk for male cancer, while BRCA1 does not. Also theestimated risk of ovarian cancer with BRCA2 is not as high as BRCA1. (Langston 3)When researchers isolated these gene, they looked at selectedindividuals with either breast and/or ovarian cancer. The researchers whoisolated the gene looked for BRCA1 mutations in 32 breast tumors and 12ovarian tumors from patients who were not known to be members ofcancer-prone families. From this test scientists found BRCA1 mutations inthree of the breast tumors and in one of the ovarian tumors. However, eachof the four was found to be a germline mutation, which suggests that thesepatients have inherited a BRCA1 gene mutation in the same way as womenfrom the families that have been studied. Future research will clarify ifBRCA1 has any role in sporadic breast cancers. Studies of families withinherited alterations in BRCA1 has suggested that more than half the womenwho carry a cancer associated mutation in the gene will be diagnosed withbreast cancer by age 50. (American Can Soc Pack 3)Since the isolation of these genes, studies characterizing the effects ofspecific mutations are presently being conducted. Existing tests to determinewhether a person carries a BRCA1 mutation are effected on both research oncommercial levels. Once the gene is identified in a family, researchers canlook directly for the specific mutation. This allows testing for familymembers to be much more easy, as well as less expensive. (Rizzler 24)In women who have been found to carry an altered BRCA1 gene, therisk to develop breast cancer by age 70 may be as high as 80.5% and the riskfor ovarian cancer 40 to 60%. In other words, out of a 100 women whoinherit BRCA1 mutations, about 80 will develop cancer by the time theyreach 70 years; about 40-60 women will develop ovarian cancer. For womenwho develop cancer in one of the breasts, the risk is increased for cancer todevelop in the oth er breast as well. Men who carry a mutation in BRCA1 donot seem to have high risk to develop breast cancer, but there may be aslightly increased risk for prostate cancer or colon cancer. (Bre OvaPAMPHLET)We all have two BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. We get these genes fromboth our mother and our father. A mutation in either of these genes can beinherited from either parent. If the mother or father does have a mutation theneach of his or her children has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation. Chance determines who inherits the gene and who does not, and theappearance of the gene in one child has no effect on the risk in other childrenin the family. It is possible that all or none of the offspring of an affectedparent will inherit the mutated gene. (Scalia 1) SEE DIAGRAM 2BRCA1 and BRCA2 in their natural form, are thought to be importantfor normal function of cells. Because BRCA1 is a gene that has recently beenidentified, little is known either of its role in breast cancer development or itsnormal function. If there is a mutation, however, in either of these genes, orone copy of either gene is lost or damaged, its function may be disrupted,making breast cells and ovarian cells more prone to the susceptibility ofdeveloping cancer. Not everyone who inherits a mutation in BRCA1 andBRCA2 develops breast or ovarian cancer. BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutationdoes not cause cancer; however it does increase the chances for a person todevelop cancer. Scientists do not know why only some individuals with amutation develop cancer and why some do not, however, with the rapidprogression of cancer research and genetic testing these questions may soonbe resolved. (Scalia 1)Everyone has two genes of a specific trait. One from mom and onefrom dad. If one of these genes becomes mutated, or lost, then the other canserve as a break for the other and continue to function as normal. Womenwith inherited BRCA1 mutation are born with one bad copy, so that forcancer to occur they need only one additiona l damaging mutation in a breastcell some time during life. It is suspected that the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genesfunction as a tumor suppressor. Suppressor genes normally preventuncontrolled cell proliferation and their inactivation through mutation can leadto cancer. Inherited mutation occurs only on one gene, while the other is noteffected. Chances of that person developing cancer from one of these genesis greatly increased, i.e. 85% breast cancer and 50% for ovarian cancer. How can anyone believe that a machine can think? Essay~clinical breast exams. ~mammograms. ~consultation with a qualified healthcare professional if a change in breast tissue is detected. Ovarian cancer guidelines:~CA-125 serum tumor marker testing~transvaginal ultrasound~rectovaginal pelvic examinationWomen who have a BRCA1 mutation and have been diagnosed withbreast cancer are at an increased risk of developing cancer in the other breast. This may affect treatment decisions, i.e., the choice between a mastectomy ora lumpectomy of the affected breast, and either prophylactic mastectomy ofthe unaffected breast and/or prophylactic oophorectomy. (Doctor Pamphleton breast cancer/Gaitherburg)Ways to treat breast cancer:~Prophylactic oophorectomy. Many clinicians believe that this is thetreatment of choice for the women who carry BRCA1 mutation or for thosewho have a strong family history of breast cancer. A bilateral removal of theovaries to decrease estrogen production is effective as well. Otherconsiderations include the individuals risk for cardiovascular disease andosteoporosis and her concerns about sterility. (Doctors Pamphlet on BRCA1and 2)~Prophylactic mastectomy. Because dense breast tissue may interfere withthe clinical examination and mammography, and in premenopausal women every breast cell has a mutated gene placing a woman at a 95% risk duringher lifetime for breast cancer, the volume of the breast tissue that can beaffected is reduced through mastectomy, making prophylactic surgeryappropriate for women who carry a BRCA1 mutation. However, becausesurgery cannot remove all breast tissue, the risk of developing breast cancercannot be totally eliminated. (Doctors Pamphlet on BRCA1 and 2)Another kind of treatment is hormone replacement therapy. Hormone replacement therapy has been shown to be effective in relievingsome of the conditions often associated with menopause, as well asdecreasing the risk of a heart attack and osteoporosis. However, the use ofreplacement hormones may increase the risk of breast and endometrialcancer. Post menopausal women who are currently taking hormones(estrogen or a combination of estrogen and progesterone) ha ve a relative riskof 1.46% of developing breast cancer compared to post-menopausal womenwho have never taken hormones or had breast cancer. The effect of hormonereplacement therapy for shorter periods of time and for women who carry amutated BRCA1 gene is currently unknown. (Gayther 1462)There are some life modifications that women can make in order todecrease their chance of breast cancer. Women who carry a BRCA1mutation should be encouraged to evaluate their current lifestyle habits and, ifnecessary and/or appropriate, modify the following: (Gross 88)Age at first pregnancy: Data indicates that women who deliver theirfirst child before age 30 are less likely to develop breast and ovarian cancer. Body weight: individuals who are 40% or more over- weight mayhave an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. In addition, maintainingdesirable body weight increases efficacy of cancer screening procedures. Exercise: Physical activity during a womans reproductive yearsaffect the production of estrogen and other sex hormones. This may providea protective effect against breast cancer risk. Tobacco use: A study indicates that a womans risk of dying frombreast cancer increases 25% if the women smokes cigarettes. Diet: Some studies suggest that eating a balanced diet has ananti-tumor affect. Recommendations for a balanced diet include foods low infat and rich in fiber and antioxidants; green leafy vegetables; soy products;and broccoli, cabbage, brussel sprouts, and other cruciferous vegetables. Alcohol: Some studies indicate there is some link between alcoholconsumption and the development of breast cancer, although no causalrelationship has not been proven. (Gross 89) SEE DIAGRAM 6In the future, scientists hope discoveries will lead to gene therapy, butfor now there is little one can do about a genetic predisposition beyondcounseling and lifestyle changes. The BRCA1/BRCA2 genetic susceptibilitytest is commercially available through Myriad Genetic and OncorMedLaboratories. Testing to verify sensitivity, specificity, and other parameterswill commence at cancer centers throughout the U.S. Educational materialswill be provided to healthcare professionals who offer BRCA1/BRCA2testing to assist in presenting and discussing issues with patients both beforeand after the test. (Breast/Ovarian Pamphlet)Having a test for either BRCA1 or BRCA2 could affect a personsability to get or to keep insurance in the future. If a mutation is found insomeones family that increases the risk for d eveloping cancer, it could affecttheir familys ability to get or to keep insurance (health, life, and disability). One may experience loss of insurance, inability to qualify for new insurance,increased premium payments, or decreased coverage. A person may belocked into a job to keep coverage, or lose coverage in the event of a job loss. (Hereditary Breast Cancer 4)Patients should talk to their doctor about how the information will bekept in their medical record. People who are concerned about how their testresults will be used need to consider paying for tests out of their ownpockets. Legislators are in the process of introducing state bills which bansuch discrimination from employers and insurance companies. Twenty statesalready have statutes that, to varying degrees, protect the confidentiality ofgenetic test results and protect them from employment or insurancediscrimination. The presence of a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 indicates that thereis a risk to develop cancer. It does not mean that cancer will definitelydevelop. Although testing is very accurate, there is a chance that an inheritedmutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 will not be detected or that a mutation existsin another gene for which testing was not done. Cancer can and does occurfor other reasons (Hereditary Breast Cancer 4)There are psychological risks for be ing tested. Some people may alsohave difficulty in knowing that they carry a gene which increases their risk todevelop breast cancer. They may experience emotions, such as: anger,denial, anxiety, or shock; fear of cancer or of the future; worry about theirhealth, family, employability; changed self-image; guilt for possibly passingthe gene to children; worry about the future medical costs and insurability. These are all normal reactions. (Hereditary Breast Cancer 4)If a mutation in BRCA1 and BRCA1 is found, one will be encouragedto inform other family members who may also carry the mutation. In theprocess, other family members may also find out confidential information. For example, someone may disclose that a family member is adopted. Therefore, sometimes relationships in families may be affected. (HereditaryBreast Cancer 4)In conclusion, it is believed that 1 out of 3 women will inherit breastcancer during their life time, though others may disagree. Undoubtedly breastcancer is a silent killer in which it must be detected early in order to beprevented or stopped. 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